| Title |
A Standard-Based Reliability Assessment Framework Linking Defects, Microstructure, and Mechanical Properties in Metal Additive Manufacturing |
| Authors |
정효연(Hyo Yun Jung) ; 심누리(Nuri Sim) |
| DOI |
https://doi.org/10.3365/KJMM.2026.64.4.364 |
| ISSN |
1738-8228(ISSN), 2288-8241(eISSN) |
| Keywords |
Metal additive manufacturing; Defects; Microstructure; Mechanical properties; ISO/ASTM standardization; Reliability assessment |
| Abstract |
Metal additive manufacturing (AM) enables the production of complex metallic components, but
the use of concentrated energy sources and rapid solidification often results in process-induced defects.
These defects, together with microstructural heterogeneity and anisotropy, can significantly influence the
mechanical performance and reliability of AM parts. The two most widely adopted metal AM processes,
Powder Bed Fusion (PBF) and Directed Energy Deposition (DED), produce distinctive defect characteristics
due to differences in process conditions and material deposition mechanisms. This review summarizes the
formation mechanisms of major defects in metal AM processes and discusses their relationship with
microstructural evolution. Evaluation methods defined in relevant ISO and ASTM standards are
systematically examined, based on the links between defects, microstructure, and mechanical properties.
Standardized test methods for tensile, compression, fatigue, and hardness properties are comparatively
analyzed in terms of specimen configuration, testing conditions, and applicable scope, highlighting
differences that may influence data interpretation. In addition, interpretation uncertainties and potential
risks arising from variations in standard selection, specimen orientation, and location-dependent behavior
are addressed within a structured analytical perspective. Based on the above discussion, a standard-based
reliability assessment framework is presented, linking defect characteristics, microstructural analysis,
standard-based test method selection, interpretation risk evaluation, and final decision-making. This
framework clarifies that performance evaluation in metal AM should not rely solely on isolated test results,
but should be conducted within an integrated evaluation structure governed by applicable standards. By
organizing defect characteristics, microstructure, and mechanical properties under ISO/ASTM standard systems, this study
provides a structured basis for reliability-oriented material evaluation in metal AM. The framework may contribute to
improving the interpretability, reproducibility, and comparability of experimental data, and offers a reference for establishing
consistent evaluation strategies and future standardization directions. |